From: Subject: =?Windows-1252?Q?Cloudy_day_won=92t_rain_on_laser_communications?= Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2006 08:52:08 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_001D_01C70893.5568E160" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_001D_01C70893.5568E160 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.brightsurf.com/news/headlines/27493/Cloudy_day_won%E2%80%99t_rain_on_laser_communications.html =EF=BB=BF Cloudy day won=E2=80=99t rain on laser = communications

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Cloudy day won=E2=80=99t rain on laser=20 communications

November 13, = 2006 - =20 Just as clouds block the sun, they interfere with = laser=20 communications systems, but Penn State researchers are = using a=20 combination of computational methods to find the = silver lining=20 and punch through the clouds.

=E2=80=9CRadio = frequency=20 communications are generally reliable and well = understood, but=20 cannot support emerging data rate needs unless they = use a=20 large portion of the radio spectrum,=E2=80=9D says = Mohsen Kavehrad,=20 the W. L. Weiss professor of electrical engineering = and=20 director, Penn State Center for Information and = Communications=20 Technology Research. =E2=80=9CFree space optical = communications offer=20 enormous data rates but operate much more at the mercy = of the=20 environment.=E2=80=9D

Laser light used in = communications=20 systems can carry large amounts of information, but, = the dust,=20 dirt, water vapor and gases in a fluffy cumulus cloud, = scatter=20 the light and create echoes. The loss of some light to = scattering is less important than those parts of the = beam that=20 are deflected and yet reach their target, because = then,=20 various parts of the beam reach the endpoint at = different=20 times.

=E2=80=9CAll of the laser beam photons = travel at the=20 speed of light, but different paths make them arrive = at=20 different times,=E2=80=9D says Kavehrad. =E2=80=9CThe = Air Force, which is=20 funding this project through the Defense Advanced = Research=20 Projects Agency, would like us to deliver close to 3 = gigabytes=20 per second of data over a distance of 6 to 8 miles = through the=20 atmosphere.=E2=80=9D

That 6 to 8 miles is = sufficient to cause=20 an overlap of arriving data of hundreds of symbols, = which=20 causes echoes. The information arrives, but then it = arrives=20 again because the signal is distributed throughout the = laser=20 beam. In essence, the message is continuously being = stepped=20 on.

Kavehrad and Sangwoo Lee, graduate student = in=20 electrical engineering, presented their solutions to = the echo=20 problem at the recent IEEE Military Communications = Conference=20 in Wash., D.C.

=E2=80=9CIn the past, laser = communications=20 systems have been designed to depend on optical signal = processing and optical apparatus,=E2=80=9D says = Kavehrad. =E2=80=9CWe coupled=20 state-of-the-art digital signal processing methods to = a=20 wireless laser communications system to obtain a = reliable,=20 high capacity optical link through the = clouds.=E2=80=9D

The=20 researchers developed an approach called free-space = optical=20 communications that not only can improve air-to-air=20 communications, but also ground-to-air links. Because = their=20 approach provides fiber optic quality signals, it is = also a=20 solution for extending fiber optic systems to rural = areas=20 without laying cable and may eventually expand the = Internet in=20 a third dimension allowing airplane passengers a = clear,=20 continuous signal.

Using a computer simulation = called=20 the atmospheric channel model developed by Penn = State=E2=80=99s CICTR,=20 the researchers first process the signal to shorten = the=20 overlapping data and reduce the number of overlaps. = Then the=20 system processes the remaining signal, picking out = parts of=20 the signal to make a whole and eliminate the remaining = echoes.=20 This process must be continuous with overlap = shortening and=20 then filtering so that a high-quality, fiber optic = caliber=20 message arrives at the destination. All this, while = one or=20 both of the sender and receiver are = moving.

=E2=80=9CWe modeled=20 the system using cumulus clouds, the dense fluffy = ones,=20 because they cause the most scattering and the largest = echo,=E2=80=9D=20 says Kavehrad. =E2=80=9COur model is also being used = by Army=20 contractors to investigate communications through = smoke and=20 gases and it does a very good job with those as=20 well.=E2=80=9D

The computer modeled about a = half-mile traverse=20 of a cumulus cloud. While the researchers admit that = they=20 could simply process the signal to remove all echoes, = the=20 trade-offs would degrade the system in other ways, = such as=20 distance and time. Using a two-step process provides = the most=20 reliable, high-quality data transfer.

The = system also=20 uses commercially available off-the-shelf equipment = and proven=20 digital signal processing techniques.

Penn = State

More=20 Laser Communication News | Most=20 Viewed | Most=20 Recent

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Related = Reading
	Dissipative=20 Solitons by Nail Akhmediev

	Optical=20 Electronics in Modern Communications (Oxford Series in = Electrical and Computer Engineering) by = Amnon=20 Yariv

	The=20 Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story by = Shuji=20 Nakamura

	Silicon=20 Photonics: An Introduction by Graham T.=20 Reed

	Magnetocum= ulative=20 Generators (Shock Wave and High Pressure=20 Phenomena) by Larry L. = Altgilbers

	Handbook=20 of Infra-red Technologies by M. = Henini

	Free-Space=20 Laser Communications: Principles and Advances (Optical = and=20 Fiber Communications Reports) by Arun=20 Majumdar

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