From: Subject: Cloudy day won't rain on laser communications Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2006 13:42:47 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0023_01C704CE.1B90D880" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0023_01C704CE.1B90D880 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-11/ps-cdw111006.php Cloudy day won't rain on laser communications

Public = release date:=20 10-Nov-2006
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Contact: A'ndrea Elyse Messer
aem1@psu.edu
814-865-9481
Penn State =

Cloudy day won't rain on laser communications

Just as clouds block the sun, they interfere with laser = communications=20 systems, but Penn State researchers are using a combination of = computational=20 methods to find the silver lining and punch through the clouds.=20

"Radio frequency communications are generally reliable and well = understood,=20 but cannot support emerging data rate needs unless they use a large = portion of=20 the radio spectrum," says Mohsen Kavehrad, the W. L. Weiss professor of=20 electrical engineering and director, Penn State Center for Information = and=20 Communications Technology Research. "Free space optical communications = offer=20 enormous data rates but operate much more at the mercy of the = environment."=20

Laser light used in communications systems can carry large amounts of = information, but, the dust, dirt, water vapor and gases in a fluffy = cumulus=20 cloud, scatter the light and create echoes. The loss of some light to = scattering=20 is less important than those parts of the beam that are deflected and = yet reach=20 their target, because then, various parts of the beam reach the endpoint = at=20 different times.=20

"All of the laser beam photons travel at the speed of light, but = different=20 paths make them arrive at different times," says Kavehrad. "The Air = Force, which=20 is funding this project through the Defense Advanced Research Projects = Agency,=20 would like us to deliver close to 3 gigabytes per second of data over a = distance=20 of 6 to 8 miles through the atmosphere."=20

That 6 to 8 miles is sufficient to cause an overlap of arriving data = of=20 hundreds of symbols, which causes echoes. The information arrives, but = then it=20 arrives again because the signal is distributed throughout the laser = beam. In=20 essence, the message is continuously being stepped on.=20

Kavehrad and Sangwoo Lee, graduate student in electrical engineering, = presented their solutions to the echo problem at the recent IEEE = Military=20 Communications Conference in Wash., D.C.=20

"In the past, laser communications systems have been designed to = depend on=20 optical signal processing and optical apparatus," says Kavehrad. "We = coupled=20 state-of-the-art digital signal processing methods to a wireless laser=20 communications system to obtain a reliable, high capacity optical link = through=20 the clouds."=20

The researchers developed an approach called free-space optical=20 communications that not only can improve air-to-air communications, but = also=20 ground-to-air links. Because their approach provides fiber optic quality = signals, it is also a solution for extending fiber optic systems to = rural areas=20 without laying cable and may eventually expand the Internet in a third = dimension=20 allowing airplane passengers a clear, continuous signal.=20

Using a computer simulation called the atmospheric channel model = developed by=20 Penn State's CICTR, the researchers first process the signal to shorten = the=20 overlapping data and reduce the number of overlaps. Then the system = processes=20 the remaining signal, picking out parts of the signal to make a whole = and=20 eliminate the remaining echoes. This process must be continuous with = overlap=20 shortening and then filtering so that a high-quality, fiber optic = caliber=20 message arrives at the destination. All this, while one or both of the = sender=20 and receiver are moving.=20

"We modeled the system using cumulus clouds, the dense fluffy ones, = because=20 they cause the most scattering and the largest echo," says Kavehrad. = "Our model=20 is also being used by Army contractors to investigate communications = through=20 smoke and gases and it does a very good job with those as well."=20

The computer modeled about a half-mile traverse of a cumulus cloud. = While the=20 researchers admit that they could simply process the signal to remove = all=20 echoes, the trade-offs would degrade the system in other ways, such as = distance=20 and time. Using a two-step process provides the most reliable, = high-quality data=20 transfer.=20

The system also uses commercially available off-the-shelf equipment = and=20 proven digital signal processing techniques.

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(screen.width-w)/2 : 0;=0A= TopPosition =3D 10;=0A= settings =3D=0A= = 'height=3D'+h+',width=3D'+w+',top=3D'+TopPosition+',left=3D'+LeftPosition= +',scrollbars=3D'+scroll+',resizable,menubar'=0A= win =3D window.open(mypage,myname,settings)=0A= if(win.window.focus){win.window.focus();}=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= self.onerror =3D function() {=0A= =0A= return true;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function di(id,name){=0A= =0A= if (document.images) {document.images[id].src=3Deval(name+".src"); }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // function that displays status bar message=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= function dm(msgStr) {=0A= =0A= document.returnValue =3D false;=0A= =0A= if (document.images) { =0A= =0A= window.status =3D msgStr;=0A= =0A= document.returnValue =3D true;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= var showMsg =3D navigator.userAgent !=3D "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE = 4.0; Mac_PowerPC)";=0A= =0A= function dmim(msgStr) {=0A= =0A= document.returnValue =3D false;=0A= =0A= if (showMsg) { =0A= =0A= window.status =3D msgStr;=0A= =0A= document.returnValue =3D true;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // function that will load the bubble with URL, opening the bubble if = necessary (one bubble per page)=0A= =0A= function loadBubble(URL) {=0A= self.name =3D "scipix";=0A= SciBubble =3D window.open(URL, window.name+'bubble', = 'toolbar=3D0,location=3D0,directories=3D0,status=3D0,scrollbars=3Dyes,res= izable=3Dyes,width=3D430,height=3D350'); =0A= SciBubble.focus();=0A= =0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= // function that will load full size popup with URL, opening the bubble = if necessary (one bubble per page)=0A= =0A= function loadRepak(URL) {=0A= self.name =3D "scipix";=0A= SciBubble =3D window.open(URL, window.name+'RePak', = 'toolbar=3D0,location=3D0,directories=3D0,status=3D0,scrollbars=3Dyes,res= izable=3Dyes,width=3D580,height=3D420'); =0A= SciBubble.focus();=0A= =0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // function that safely closes the bubble=0A= =0A= function closeBubble() {=0A= =0A= if ((SciBubble !=3D undefined) && (SciBubble.close !=3D undefined)) {=0A= =0A= SciBubble.close();=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // function that (re)opens a navpop with URL (one navpop per page)=0A= =0A= function loadNavPop(URL) {=0A= =0A= HHMINavPop =3D window.open(URL, window.name+'navpop', = 'toolbar=3D0,location=3D0,directories=3D0,status=3D0,scrollbars=3D1,resiz= able=3Dno,width=3D340,height=3D420'); =0A= =0A= HHMINavPop.focus();=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= // function that safely loads and focuses on the main window with URL=0A= =0A= function loadMain(URL) {=0A= =0A= if (window.opener) {=0A= =0A= window.opener.location =3D URL;=0A= =0A= window.opener.focus();=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0023_01C704CE.1B90D880--