Cloudy Day Won't Rain On Laser Communications

From: Subject: Cloudy Day Won't Rain On Laser Communications Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2006 18:16:57 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7074F.E7A4DA60" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7074F.E7A4DA60 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.photonicsonline.com/content/news/article.asp?DocID=%7BFED9DFAF-D716-4370-AB4E-9B119693DA36%7D&Bucket=Current+Headlines&VNETCOOKIE=NO Cloudy Day Won't Rain On Laser Communications

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Cloudy Day = Won't Rain On=20 Laser Communications

11/13/2006 =20

Just as clouds block the sun, they interfere with laser=20 communications systems, but Penn State researchers are using = a=20 combination of computational methods to find the silver = lining and=20 punch through the clouds.=20

"Radio frequency communications are generally reliable = and well=20 understood, but cannot support emerging data rate needs = unless they=20 use a large portion of the radio spectrum," says Mohsen = Kavehrad,=20 the W. L. Weiss professor of electrical engineering and = director,=20 Penn State Center for Information and Communications = Technology=20 Research. "Free space optical communications offer enormous = data=20 rates but operate much more at the mercy of the = environment."=20

Laser light used in communications systems can carry = large=20 amounts of information, but, the dust, dirt, water vapor and = gases=20 in a fluffy cumulus cloud, scatter the light and create = echoes. The=20 loss of some light to scattering is less important than = those parts=20 of the beam that are deflected and yet reach their target, = because=20 then, various parts of the beam reach the endpoint at = different=20 times.=20

"All of the laser beam photons travel at the speed of = light, but=20 different paths make them arrive at different times," says = Kavehrad.=20 "The Air Force, which is funding this project through the = Defense=20 Advanced Research Projects Agency, would like us to deliver = close to=20 3 gigabytes per second of data over a distance of 6 to 8 = miles=20 through the atmosphere."=20

That 6 to 8 miles is sufficient to cause an overlap of = arriving=20 data of hundreds of symbols, which causes echoes. The = information=20 arrives, but then it arrives again because the signal is = distributed=20 throughout the laser beam. In essence, the message is = continuously=20 being stepped on.=20

Kavehrad and Sangwoo Lee, graduate student in electrical=20 engineering, presented their solutions to the echo problem = at the=20 recent IEEE Military Communications Conference in Wash., = D.C.=20

"In the past, laser communications systems have been = designed to=20 depend on optical signal processing and optical apparatus," = says=20 Kavehrad. "We coupled state-of-the-art digital signal = processing=20 methods to a wireless laser communications system to obtain = a=20 reliable, high capacity optical link through the clouds."=20

The researchers developed an approach called free-space = optical=20 communications that not only can improve air-to-air = communications,=20 but also ground-to-air links. Because their approach = provides fiber=20 optic quality signals, it is also a solution for extending = fiber=20 optic systems to rural areas without laying cable and may = eventually=20 expand the Internet in a third dimension allowing airplane=20 passengers a clear, continuous signal.=20

Using a computer simulation called the atmospheric = channel model=20 developed by Penn State's CICTR, the researchers first = process the=20 signal to shorten the overlapping data and reduce the number = of=20 overlaps. Then the system processes the remaining signal, = picking=20 out parts of the signal to make a whole and eliminate the = remaining=20 echoes. This process must be continuous with overlap = shortening and=20 then filtering so that a high-quality, fiber optic caliber = message=20 arrives at the destination. All this, while one or both of = the=20 sender and receiver are moving.=20

"We modeled the system using cumulus clouds, the dense = fluffy=20 ones, because they cause the most scattering and the largest = echo,"=20 says Kavehrad. "Our model is also being used by Army = contractors to=20 investigate communications through smoke and gases and it = does a=20 very good job with those as well."=20

The computer modeled about a half-mile traverse of a = cumulus=20 cloud. While the researchers admit that they could simply = process=20 the signal to remove all echoes, the trade-offs would = degrade the=20 system in other ways, such as distance and time. Using a = two-step=20 process provides the most reliable, high-quality data = transfer.=20

The system also uses commercially available off-the-shelf = equipment and proven digital signal processing techniques.

SOURCE: Penn State

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