Penn State Live - = Penn State researchers work to develop optical communications = system

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Penn State researchers work to develop optical communications = system

Wednesday, January 27, 2010=20

San Francisco -- Light is better than radio waves when it comes to = some=20 wireless communications, according to Penn State engineers. Optical=20 communications systems could provide faster, more secure communications = with=20 wider bandwidth and would be suitable for restricted areas like = hospitals,=20 aircraft and factories.

Sending information via light waves either in physical light guides = or=20 wirelessly is not new, but existing wireless systems either require = direct line=20 of sight or are diffused and have low signal strength. The researchers = chose to=20 take a different approach using multi-element transmitters and = multi-branch=20 optical receivers in a quasi-diffuse configuration.

The system uses a high-powered laser diode -- a device that converts=20 electricity into light -- as the optical transmitter and an avalanche = photo=20 diode -- a device that converts light to electricity -- as the receiver. = The=20 light bounces off the walls and is picked up by the receiver.

"Unless the walls are painted solid black, there is no need to worry = about=20 transmission within a room," said Jarir Fadlullah, graduate student in=20 electrical engineering who presented the paper Tuesday (Jan. 27) at SPIE = Phonotics West Conference in San Francisco, the paper will be published = in the=20 conference proceedings.

The researchers tested infrared light, but the system also will work = with=20 visible light and ultraviolet light.

"The optical system we have offers a very large bandwidth thus a very = high=20 speed," said Fadlullah. "We can send one gigabit per second or more over = a=20 gigahertz band."

The researchers, including Mohshen Kavehrad, professor of electrical=20 engineering, think this looks like an ideal system. Radio frequency = systems do=20 not require line of sight transmission, but can pass through some = substances and=20 so present a security problem. Light, in a room without windows, will = not escape=20 the room, improving security, but also allowing the same frequencies to = be used=20 in adjacent rooms without interference. Multiple sensors could allow the = light=20 signal to pass from room to room or even from floor to floor. The system = could=20 also be set up to convert the signal to electricity, transfer it to = another=20 location and change it back to light.

"The safest security is physical layer security," said Mohshen = Kavehrad. "If=20 you first have to break into the building before you can attack the = network it=20 makes it very difficult."

He also said an optical system can operate in locations where radio = frequency=20 transmission would interfere with other equipment, especially in = hospitals,=20 aircraft and even some factories. Because this system is optical, it = will not=20 interfere with the radio frequency emissions of navigation equipment, = medical=20 devices or factory control systems.

Optical transmissions can transfer sensor data and unlike radio = frequency=20 communications, also can distribute high-resolution images.

"One application for this system would be wireless projection of high = definition television," said Kavehrad. "Currently, two high definition=20 broadcasts exceed the bandwidth of any radio system, but with a 1.6 = gigabit per=20 second gigabit system, two HD channels could be broadcast."

While this application in conference rooms could provide mobility for = presentations, applications in aircraft and medical facilities are = probably more=20 important. Currently, wireless communications are difficult in these = situations=20 because radio frequency systems can interfere with equipment using radio = frequency control or communications. An optical system can operate in = the same=20 space as a radio system without interference.

"As far as I know, these are the first set of measurements for indoor = optical=20 wireless links that show the feasibility of the highest bit rates with = no=20 line-of-sight," said Kavehrad. "No radio system had comparable = ability."

The researchers will continue to test optical systems, looking at = visible and=20 ultra violet light. They also believe that light emitting diode room = lighting=20 could be incorporated into the systems to provide a blanket = communications=20 network. The researchers note that this is a very green technology.

The National Science Foundation supported this = work.

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fixParams(obj);=0A= }=0A= setVisibility(id, true);=0A= }=0A= else if (regObjArr[i].expressInstall && !isExpressInstallActive && = hasPlayerVersion("6.0.65") && (ua.win || ua.mac)) { // Show the Adobe = Express Install dialog if set by the web page author and if supported = (fp6.0.65+ on Win/Mac OS only)=0A= showExpressInstall(regObjArr[i]);=0A= }=0A= else { // Flash plug-in and Flash content version mismatch: display = alternative content instead of Flash content=0A= displayAltContent(obj);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else { // If no fp is installed, we let the object element do its job = (show alternative content)=0A= setVisibility(id, true);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Fix nested param elements, which are ignored by older webkit engines=0A= - This includes Safari up to and including version 1.2.2 on Mac OS 10.3=0A= - Fall back to the proprietary embed element=0A= */=0A= function fixParams(obj) {=0A= var nestedObj =3D obj.getElementsByTagName(OBJECT)[0];=0A= if (nestedObj) {=0A= var e =3D createElement("embed"), a =3D nestedObj.attributes;=0A= if (a) {=0A= var al =3D a.length;=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < al; i++) {=0A= if (a[i].nodeName =3D=3D "DATA") {=0A= e.setAttribute("src", a[i].nodeValue);=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= e.setAttribute(a[i].nodeName, a[i].nodeValue);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= var c =3D nestedObj.childNodes;=0A= if (c) {=0A= var cl =3D c.length;=0A= for (var j =3D 0; j < cl; j++) {=0A= if (c[j].nodeType =3D=3D 1 && c[j].nodeName =3D=3D "PARAM") {=0A= e.setAttribute(c[j].getAttribute("name"), = c[j].getAttribute("value"));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= obj.parentNode.replaceChild(e, obj);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Show the Adobe Express Install dialog=0A= - Reference: = http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/knowledgebase/index.cfm?id=3D6a253b75=0A= */=0A= function showExpressInstall(regObj) {=0A= isExpressInstallActive =3D true;=0A= var obj =3D getElementById(regObj.id);=0A= if (obj) {=0A= if (regObj.altContentId) {=0A= var ac =3D getElementById(regObj.altContentId);=0A= if (ac) {=0A= storedAltContent =3D ac;=0A= storedAltContentId =3D regObj.altContentId;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= storedAltContent =3D abstractAltContent(obj);=0A= }=0A= if (!(/%$/.test(regObj.width)) && parseInt(regObj.width, 10) < 310) {=0A= regObj.width =3D "310";=0A= }=0A= if (!(/%$/.test(regObj.height)) && parseInt(regObj.height, 10) < 137) = {=0A= regObj.height =3D "137";=0A= }=0A= doc.title =3D doc.title.slice(0, 47) + " - Flash Player Installation";=0A= var pt =3D ua.ie && ua.win ? "ActiveX" : "PlugIn",=0A= dt =3D doc.title,=0A= fv =3D "MMredirectURL=3D" + win.location + "&MMplayerType=3D" + pt + = "&MMdoctitle=3D" + dt,=0A= replaceId =3D regObj.id;=0A= // For IE when a SWF is loading (AND: not available in cache) wait = for the onload event to fire to remove the original object element=0A= // In IE you cannot properly cancel a loading SWF file without = breaking browser load references, also obj.onreadystatechange doesn't = work=0A= if (ua.ie && ua.win && obj.readyState !=3D 4) {=0A= var newObj =3D createElement("div");=0A= replaceId +=3D "SWFObjectNew";=0A= newObj.setAttribute("id", replaceId);=0A= obj.parentNode.insertBefore(newObj, obj); // Insert placeholder div = that will be replaced by the object element that loads expressinstall.swf=0A= obj.style.display =3D "none";=0A= var fn =3D function() {=0A= obj.parentNode.removeChild(obj);=0A= };=0A= addListener(win, "onload", fn);=0A= }=0A= createSWF({ data:regObj.expressInstall, id:EXPRESS_INSTALL_ID, = width:regObj.width, height:regObj.height }, { flashvars:fv }, replaceId);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Functions to abstract and display alternative content=0A= */=0A= function displayAltContent(obj) {=0A= if (ua.ie && ua.win && obj.readyState !=3D 4) {=0A= // For IE when a SWF is loading (AND: not available in cache) wait = for the onload event to fire to remove the original object element=0A= // In IE you cannot properly cancel a loading SWF file without = breaking browser load references, also obj.onreadystatechange doesn't = work=0A= var el =3D createElement("div");=0A= obj.parentNode.insertBefore(el, obj); // Insert placeholder div that = will be replaced by the alternative content=0A= el.parentNode.replaceChild(abstractAltContent(obj), el);=0A= obj.style.display =3D "none";=0A= var fn =3D function() {=0A= obj.parentNode.removeChild(obj);=0A= };=0A= addListener(win, "onload", fn);=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= obj.parentNode.replaceChild(abstractAltContent(obj), obj);=0A= }=0A= } =0A= =0A= function abstractAltContent(obj) {=0A= var ac =3D createElement("div");=0A= if (ua.win && ua.ie) {=0A= ac.innerHTML =3D obj.innerHTML;=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= var nestedObj =3D obj.getElementsByTagName(OBJECT)[0];=0A= if (nestedObj) {=0A= var c =3D nestedObj.childNodes;=0A= if (c) {=0A= var cl =3D c.length;=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < cl; i++) {=0A= if (!(c[i].nodeType =3D=3D 1 && c[i].nodeName =3D=3D "PARAM") && = !(c[i].nodeType =3D=3D 8)) {=0A= ac.appendChild(c[i].cloneNode(true));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return ac;=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Cross-browser dynamic SWF creation=0A= */=0A= function createSWF(attObj, parObj, id) {=0A= var r, el =3D getElementById(id);=0A= if (el) {=0A= if (typeof attObj.id =3D=3D UNDEF) { // if no 'id' is defined for the = object element, it will inherit the 'id' from the alternative content=0A= attObj.id =3D id;=0A= }=0A= if (ua.ie && ua.win) { // IE, the object element and W3C DOM methods = do not combine: fall back to outerHTML=0A= var att =3D "";=0A= for (var i in attObj) {=0A= if (attObj[i] !=3D Object.prototype[i]) { // Filter out prototype = additions from other potential libraries, like = Object.prototype.toJSONString =3D function() {}=0A= if (i.toLowerCase() =3D=3D "data") {=0A= parObj.movie =3D attObj[i];=0A= }=0A= else if (i.toLowerCase() =3D=3D "styleclass") { // 'class' is an = ECMA4 reserved keyword=0A= att +=3D ' class=3D"' + attObj[i] + '"';=0A= }=0A= else if (i.toLowerCase() !=3D "classid") {=0A= att +=3D ' ' + i + '=3D"' + attObj[i] + '"';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= var par =3D "";=0A= for (var j in parObj) {=0A= if (parObj[j] !=3D Object.prototype[j]) { // Filter out prototype = additions from other potential libraries=0A= par +=3D '';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= el.outerHTML =3D '

';=0A= objIdArr[objIdArr.length] =3D attObj.id; // Stored to fix object = 'leaks' on unload (dynamic publishing only)=0A= r =3D getElementById(attObj.id); =0A= }=0A= else if (ua.webkit && ua.webkit < 312) { // Older webkit engines = ignore the object element's nested param elements: fall back to the = proprietary embed element=0A= var e =3D createElement("embed");=0A= e.setAttribute("type", FLASH_MIME_TYPE);=0A= for (var k in attObj) {=0A= if (attObj[k] !=3D Object.prototype[k]) { // Filter out prototype = additions from other potential libraries=0A= if (k.toLowerCase() =3D=3D "data") {=0A= e.setAttribute("src", attObj[k]);=0A= }=0A= else if (k.toLowerCase() =3D=3D "styleclass") { // 'class' is an = ECMA4 reserved keyword=0A= e.setAttribute("class", attObj[k]);=0A= }=0A= else if (k.toLowerCase() !=3D "classid") { // Filter out IE = specific attribute=0A= e.setAttribute(k, attObj[k]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= for (var l in parObj) {=0A= if (parObj[l] !=3D Object.prototype[l]) { // Filter out prototype = additions from other potential libraries=0A= if (l.toLowerCase() !=3D "movie") { // Filter out IE specific = param element=0A= e.setAttribute(l, parObj[l]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= el.parentNode.replaceChild(e, el);=0A= r =3D e;=0A= }=0A= else { // Well-behaving browsers=0A= var o =3D createElement(OBJECT);=0A= o.setAttribute("type", FLASH_MIME_TYPE);=0A= for (var m in attObj) {=0A= if (attObj[m] !=3D Object.prototype[m]) { // Filter out prototype = additions from other potential libraries=0A= if (m.toLowerCase() =3D=3D "styleclass") { // 'class' is an ECMA4 = reserved keyword=0A= o.setAttribute("class", attObj[m]);=0A= }=0A= else if (m.toLowerCase() !=3D "classid") { // Filter out IE = specific attribute=0A= o.setAttribute(m, attObj[m]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= for (var n in parObj) {=0A= if (parObj[n] !=3D Object.prototype[n] && n.toLowerCase() !=3D = "movie") { // Filter out prototype additions from other potential = libraries and IE specific param element=0A= createObjParam(o, n, parObj[n]);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= el.parentNode.replaceChild(o, el);=0A= r =3D o;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return r;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function createObjParam(el, pName, pValue) {=0A= var p =3D createElement("param");=0A= p.setAttribute("name", pName); =0A= p.setAttribute("value", pValue);=0A= el.appendChild(p);=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Cross-browser SWF removal=0A= - Especially needed to safely and completely remove a SWF in Internet = Explorer=0A= */=0A= function removeSWF(id) {=0A= var obj =3D getElementById(id);=0A= if (obj && (obj.nodeName =3D=3D "OBJECT" || obj.nodeName =3D=3D = "EMBED")) {=0A= if (ua.ie && ua.win) {=0A= if (obj.readyState =3D=3D 4) {=0A= removeObjectInIE(id);=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= win.attachEvent("onload", function() {=0A= removeObjectInIE(id);=0A= });=0A= }=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= obj.parentNode.removeChild(obj);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function removeObjectInIE(id) {=0A= var obj =3D getElementById(id);=0A= if (obj) {=0A= for (var i in obj) {=0A= if (typeof obj[i] =3D=3D "function") {=0A= obj[i] =3D null;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= obj.parentNode.removeChild(obj);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Functions to optimize JavaScript compression=0A= */=0A= function getElementById(id) {=0A= var el =3D null;=0A= try {=0A= el =3D doc.getElementById(id);=0A= }=0A= catch (e) {}=0A= return el;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function createElement(el) {=0A= return doc.createElement(el);=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Updated attachEvent function for Internet Explorer=0A= - Stores attachEvent information in an Array, so on unload the = detachEvent functions can be called to avoid memory leaks=0A= */ =0A= function addListener(target, eventType, fn) {=0A= target.attachEvent(eventType, fn);=0A= listenersArr[listenersArr.length] =3D [target, eventType, fn];=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Flash Player and SWF content version matching=0A= */=0A= function hasPlayerVersion(rv) {=0A= var pv =3D ua.pv, v =3D rv.split(".");=0A= v[0] =3D parseInt(v[0], 10);=0A= v[1] =3D parseInt(v[1], 10) || 0; // supports short notation, e.g. "9" = instead of "9.0.0"=0A= v[2] =3D parseInt(v[2], 10) || 0;=0A= return (pv[0] > v[0] || (pv[0] =3D=3D v[0] && pv[1] > v[1]) || (pv[0] = =3D=3D v[0] && pv[1] =3D=3D v[1] && pv[2] >=3D v[2])) ? true : false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* Cross-browser dynamic CSS creation=0A= - Based on Bobby van der Sluis' solution: = http://www.bobbyvandersluis.com/articles/dynamicCSS.php=0A= */ =0A= function createCSS(sel, decl) {=0A= if (ua.ie && ua.mac) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= var h =3D doc.getElementsByTagName("head")[0], s =3D = createElement("style");=0A= s.setAttribute("type", "text/css");=0A= s.setAttribute("media", "screen");=0A= if (!(ua.ie && ua.win) && typeof doc.createTextNode !=3D UNDEF) {=0A= s.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(sel + " {" + decl + "}"));=0A= }=0A= h.appendChild(s);=0A= if (ua.ie && ua.win && typeof doc.styleSheets !=3D UNDEF && = doc.styleSheets.length > 0) {=0A= var ls =3D doc.styleSheets[doc.styleSheets.length - 1];=0A= if (typeof ls.addRule =3D=3D OBJECT) {=0A= ls.addRule(sel, decl);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function setVisibility(id, isVisible) {=0A= var v =3D isVisible ? 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